Hardware · Memory

Memory: DRAM, NAND and HBM, maker by maker

Who actually makes the world’s memory, what they make, where the fabs are, and what each company publishes about it — against what it does not. Every number links to the company’s own document.

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21 of 23 guides written Official sources only Checked September 2026
What this section is. Three companies make most of the world’s DRAM, and a handful more make most of its NAND. Everything else you can buy — a Kingston stick, a Crucial SSD — is built from chips bought from that short list. This section covers the chip makers first, then the module brands that package their output, using the same 16 sections for each so they can be read side by side.

The chip makers

Companies that run their own fabs and make the memory dies themselves. This is where DRAM, NAND and HBM actually come from.

Samsung
HBM4 in mass production and shipping for NVIDIA Vera Rubin; 9th-gen V-NAND; DDR5, LPDDR6, GDDR7
SK hynix
HBM4 in mass shipment since Q2 2026; 321-high 4D NAND; DDR5 on the 1c node
Micron
HBM4 in high-volume production for NVIDIA Vera Rubin; G9 NAND; 1-gamma DRAM on EUV
Kioxia
10th-generation BiCS FLASH, 332 layers; CM10 PCIe 6.0 enterprise SSDs; GP1 super-high-IOPS drives
SanDisk
BiCS10 flash at 332 layers; UltraQLC enterprise SSDs; High Bandwidth Flash, standardised with SK hynix
YMTC
X4-9070 Gen5 TLC and X4-6080 Gen5 QLC, on Xtacking 4.0; Zhitai consumer SSDs
CXMT
G5 platform in mass production; LPDDR6 first shipped in the Xiaomi 18 Fold; DDR5 and LPDDR5X
Nanya Technology
DDR5 on its 1B node; a broad range from DDR2 upward; customized ultra-high-bandwidth memory for edge AI
Winbond Electronics
Serial NOR Flash on 45nm; SLC NAND on 24nm; niche DDR4 and LPDDR4X under the Customized Memory Solution line
Etron Technology
Specialty DRAM from SDR SDRAM to DDR4 and LPDDR4X, plus its own RPC DRAM and Known Good Die
PSMC
DRAM and flash foundry services on 2x-nanometer processes, plus 3D wafer-on-wafer stacking for AI

The module and drive brands

Companies that buy dies from the makers above and build them into the sticks, cards and drives sold at retail. Some own their own assembly and test plants; none run a DRAM or NAND fab.

Kingston Technology
Kingston FURY for gamers, ValueRAM for volume, Server Premier for data centres, IronKey for encryption
Crucial
Crucial DDR5 and DDR4 modules, the MX and BX SATA SSDs, the P and T series NVMe drives, and the X-series portables
Corsair
Dominator Titanium at the top, Vengeance for volume, SHUGO for collectors, WS RDIMM for workstations
G.Skill
Trident Z5 (DDR5, including the NeoX RGB line) and RIPJAWS — both named directly on the company’s own forum
TeamGroupPlanned
Guide not written yet. This card is here so the list of makers is complete, not so it looks finished.
ADATA
XPG — the gaming/enthusiast sub-brand covering memory, SSDs, PC components and peripherals, live on xpg.com
Patriot Memory
Viper Xtreme 5 at the top, Viper Steel 5 Infinite and Elite 5 beneath, Signature Line for value, ECC, RDIMM and CUDIMM
Mushkin
Redline Pro DDR5 ECC UDIMM, RDIMM and SODIMM at the top, Redline and Redline ST for desktops, Lumina for RGB, Essentials for value
Lexar
ARES for overclockers, THOR for mainstream gaming, plain Lexar DDR5 at JEDEC speed — but memory is only a tenth of the catalogue
PNY
XLR8 Gaming, EPIC-X RGB, Performance and Low Profile lines; its own pages report 21 memory results against 31 consumer graphics cards
TranscendPlanned
Guide not written yet. This card is here so the list of makers is complete, not so it looks finished.
Silicon Power
XPOWER gaming lines led by Cyclone and Zenith, including a DDR5 CUDIMM, with Turbine and AirCool on DDR4; plain SP UDIMM and SODIMM down to DDR3; DDR5 and DDR4 RDIMM for servers

Start here: how memory actually behaves

Plain-English explainers that the brand guides above assume you already know.

XMP, EXPO and why your memory runs slower than the box says
Why a fast kit boots slow, what a profile really is, and what Intel and AMD say about your warranty.
Whose DRAM chips are actually inside your memory stick
Two brands publish a code that tells you. Most say nothing. What is actually knowable, and how.
What a memory "lifetime warranty" actually promises
Five brands, five meanings of one word — and the clause that ends your cover for reading a chip.
Buying memory in India: what the brands actually promise you
Who is actually here, what your warranty is worth, and what the law does and does not require.
The 2026 memory price surge, in the makers' own numbers
What the filings say, why it happened, and what it did to the shelf you buy from.

Look up a term

Every abbreviation used across this section, defined the way the company or standards body that owns it defines it.

Glossary
Plain definitions of DIMM, RDIMM, ECC, CAS latency, XMP, EXPO and 20+ other memory terms, each sourced to JEDEC, Kingston, Corsair, Intel or AMD.

Will it fit?

A memory stick either works in your computer or it doesn’t — but that is decided by several independent checks, not one.

Will it fit my machine?
Seven checks that decide whether a memory stick works in your PC or laptop, and at what speed, sourced to JEDEC, Kingston, Corsair, Intel and AMD.

Compare them all

Every guide written so far in one table — what each company makes, whose chips the brands use, where it is made and what each publishes about price. Open the comparison page.

Related reading

Memory is where a lot of the AI hardware story is decided. These pages sit in our AI Chips section and cover the same ground from the chip side.

AI memory (HBM) and why it is scarce
What high-bandwidth memory is, why every AI accelerator needs it, and why supply is the bottleneck.
AI chips, brand by brand
The 11 companies designing AI accelerators, and a page for each of the 65 chips that have shipped.
How a chip is made: sand to server
The manufacturing path every memory die also follows, step by step.

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